The Sukhoi Su-25 Grach (Frogfoot) is a close air support aircraft with twin engines, designed for rugged ground attack missions, developed by Sukhoi Design Bureau.
In brief
The Sukhoi Su-25 Grach, known by NATO as “Frogfoot,” is a robust, twin-engine aircraft designed for close air support. It features heavily armored cockpits, a wide array of weaponry, and advanced avionics. The Su-25 can carry up to 8,800 pounds (4,000 kg) of ordnance and is equipped with R-195 engines, giving it a top speed of 606 mph (975 km/h) and a combat radius of 310 miles (500 km). Its rugged design allows operation from unprepared airstrips, making it a versatile ground attack aircraft.
The Sukhoi Su-25 Grach, referred to by NATO as the “Frogfoot,” is a prominent ground attack aircraft developed by the Soviet Union. Since its introduction in the 1980s, the Su-25 has become a staple of close air support missions, known for its durability and firepower. Designed to operate in hostile environments, the Su-25 has seen extensive use in various conflicts, providing crucial support to ground forces.
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History of the Development of the Sukhoi Su-25 Grach (Frogfoot)
In the late 1960s, the Soviet Union recognized the need for a dedicated close air support (CAS) aircraft. The experience from the Korean and Vietnam Wars highlighted the effectiveness of such aircraft in supporting ground troops and disrupting enemy operations. The Soviet Air Force sought to develop an aircraft that could deliver precise strikes, withstand heavy fire, and operate from rough airfields.
The Sukhoi Design Bureau was tasked with developing this new CAS aircraft. The program, initiated in 1968, aimed to create a robust and versatile platform capable of providing effective ground support. The design focused on survivability, firepower, and operational flexibility. In 1975, the prototype, designated T-8, made its maiden flight. Following extensive testing and refinements, the aircraft entered service in 1981 as the Su-25.
The Su-25’s development was driven by the need to support Soviet ground forces in various combat scenarios. Its design emphasized armor protection, redundancy in critical systems, and the ability to carry a wide array of weapons. The aircraft’s rugged construction allowed it to operate from forward airbases with minimal infrastructure, a crucial requirement for supporting front-line troops.
The Su-25 was designed to fill the gap between light attack aircraft and heavier bombers. It was intended to operate at low altitudes, delivering precise strikes against enemy positions, armor, and fortifications. The aircraft’s twin-engine configuration provided the necessary power and redundancy, enhancing its survivability in combat.
The first operational deployment of the Su-25 was during the Soviet-Afghan War, where it proved its effectiveness in close air support missions. The aircraft’s ability to carry a diverse payload and operate in harsh conditions made it a valuable asset. The Su-25’s performance in Afghanistan solidified its reputation as a reliable ground attack platform.
Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, the Su-25 saw numerous upgrades and modifications. These included improvements in avionics, armor, and weapon systems. The aircraft’s versatility allowed it to be adapted for various roles, including reconnaissance and electronic warfare. The development of specialized variants, such as the Su-25K (export version) and Su-25T (tank buster), further expanded its operational capabilities.
The Su-25’s NATO designation, “Frogfoot,” reflects its role as a rugged and versatile ground attack aircraft. The nickname captures the aircraft’s ability to operate in challenging environments and deliver precise strikes against enemy targets. The Su-25 has been exported to several countries, further demonstrating its effectiveness and adaptability.
The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union did not diminish the Su-25’s relevance. The aircraft continued to be upgraded and modernized to meet new operational requirements. Its performance in various conflicts, including the Chechen Wars and the conflicts in the Middle East, underscored its enduring value as a close air support platform.
Design of the Sukhoi Su-25 Grach (Frogfoot)
The design of the Sukhoi Su-25 emphasizes durability, survivability, and versatility. The aircraft features a high-mounted straight wing configuration, providing excellent low-speed handling and stability. This design choice is ideal for the low-altitude, close air support missions that the Su-25 is primarily intended for.
The Su-25’s airframe is heavily armored, with reinforced sections around the cockpit and vital systems. The cockpit itself is protected by a titanium “bathtub” that shields the pilot from small arms fire and shrapnel. The windshield and canopy are made from bullet-resistant glass, further enhancing the pilot’s protection. These design elements ensure that the aircraft can survive hits from ground-based weaponry, a common threat during CAS missions.
The aircraft’s twin-engine configuration uses two R-195 turbojets, each providing 9,921 pounds (44.1 kN) of thrust. These engines are mounted on the rear fuselage to protect them from ground fire and to simplify maintenance. The engine nacelles are designed to be easily accessible, allowing for rapid repair and replacement. This arrangement also reduces the infrared signature of the aircraft, making it less vulnerable to heat-seeking missiles.
The Su-25’s landing gear is designed for rough field operations. It features a reinforced tricycle configuration with large, low-pressure tires. This design allows the aircraft to take off and land on unprepared surfaces, such as dirt or grass airstrips. The robust landing gear, combined with the aircraft’s low wing loading, provides excellent short takeoff and landing (STOL) performance, essential for operating close to the front lines.
The Su-25’s avionics suite includes advanced navigation and targeting systems. Early models were equipped with a basic HUD (Head-Up Display), ranging radar, and radio altimeter. Over time, these systems have been upgraded to include modern GPS, laser rangefinders, and improved targeting computers. These enhancements improve the accuracy and effectiveness of the Su-25’s weapon systems, allowing for precise strikes against enemy targets.
The aircraft’s weapon systems are highly versatile. The Su-25 is equipped with a GSh-30-2 30mm cannon mounted under the fuselage, capable of firing 3,000 rounds per minute. The aircraft has ten hardpoints, allowing it to carry a variety of ordnance, including rockets, bombs, missiles, and gun pods. This flexibility enables the Su-25 to engage a wide range of targets, from infantry and soft-skinned vehicles to armored tanks and fortified positions.
The Su-25’s fuel system is designed to maximize endurance and survivability. The aircraft can carry up to 820 gallons (3,100 liters) of fuel in internal tanks, with the option to add external fuel tanks for extended range. The fuel tanks are self-sealing and protected by foam layers to reduce the risk of explosion or fire if hit. This design ensures that the Su-25 can operate for extended periods in hostile environments.
Despite its many strengths, the Su-25 has some drawbacks. The aircraft’s turbojet engines, while reliable, are less fuel-efficient than modern turbofan engines. This limitation affects the aircraft’s range and endurance. Additionally, the Su-25’s avionics, while improved, are not as advanced as those found in more modern aircraft. However, these limitations are offset by the Su-25’s ruggedness, versatility, and cost-effectiveness.
Performance of the Sukhoi Su-25 Grach (Frogfoot)
The Sukhoi Su-25 Grach’s performance characteristics are tailored for its role as a close air support aircraft. Its twin R-195 turbojet engines, each producing 9,921 pounds (44.1 kN) of thrust, provide the necessary power for rapid response and sustained low-altitude operations. The aircraft’s maximum speed is approximately 606 mph (975 km/h), with a cruising speed of around 480 mph (770 km/h). This speed range allows the Su-25 to respond quickly to calls for support and to cover significant distances efficiently.
The Su-25’s operational range is approximately 620 miles (1,000 kilometers) without external fuel tanks, and it can be extended to 1,300 miles (2,100 kilometers) with external tanks. This range enables the aircraft to conduct extended missions and to operate from bases located at a safe distance from the front lines. The aircraft’s combat radius, which is the distance it can travel to and from a target with sufficient fuel for loitering, is around 310 miles (500 kilometers). This radius is suitable for close air support missions, providing ample time for target engagement and support.
The service ceiling of the Su-25 is 23,000 feet (7,000 meters), although it typically operates at much lower altitudes during combat missions. The aircraft’s low-altitude performance is critical for its role, allowing it to fly below radar detection and to provide accurate, close-range support to ground forces. The Su-25’s rate of climb is approximately 2,950 feet per minute (15 meters per second), which is adequate for evading ground-based threats and repositioning during missions.
The Su-25’s payload capacity is a significant advantage. The aircraft can carry up to 8,800 pounds (4,000 kilograms) of ordnance on its ten hardpoints. This capacity includes a wide variety of weapons, such as unguided rockets, guided missiles, free-fall bombs, cluster munitions, and gun pods. The aircraft’s GSh-30-2 30mm cannon, with its high rate of fire, provides formidable firepower for strafing runs and engaging lightly armored targets.
When compared to similar aircraft, the Su-25 demonstrates competitive performance. For example, the American A-10 Thunderbolt II, another dedicated CAS aircraft, has a maximum speed of 439 mph (705 km/h) and a range of 800 miles (1,290 kilometers). While the A-10 is slower, it has a comparable payload capacity and is renowned for its durability and firepower. The Su-25’s higher speed provides an advantage in terms of response time and maneuverability.
The Su-25’s performance in various conflicts has proven its effectiveness. During the Soviet-Afghan War, the aircraft’s ability to operate from rough airstrips and deliver precise strikes was invaluable. The Su-25’s performance in the Chechen Wars and the conflicts in the Middle East further demonstrated its reliability and versatility. In these conflicts, the aircraft’s rugged design and powerful armament allowed it to support ground forces effectively, even in challenging environments.
One of the Su-25’s strengths is its survivability. The aircraft’s heavily armored cockpit and redundant systems increase its chances of returning from missions despite sustaining damage. The engines are spaced apart to minimize the likelihood of both being damaged by a single hit. The self-sealing fuel tanks and foam layers provide additional protection against fire and explosion. These features contribute to the Su-25’s reputation as a durable and resilient aircraft.
Despite its strengths, the Su-25 has some limitations. Its turbojet engines, while providing good performance, are less fuel-efficient than modern turbofans. This affects the aircraft’s operational cost and range. Additionally, the Su-25’s avionics, while improved over time, are not as advanced as those found in newer aircraft. This can impact the precision and effectiveness of its targeting systems. However, the Su-25’s overall performance, coupled with its cost-effectiveness, ensures it remains a valuable asset in close air support roles.
Variants of the Sukhoi Su-25 Grach (Frogfoot)
The Sukhoi Su-25 has several variants, each tailored to specific operational needs and incorporating various technological advancements. These variants include the Su-25K, Su-25UB, Su-25T, Su-25TM, and Su-25SM.
Su-25K: The Su-25K is the export version of the Su-25. It retains the same basic design and performance characteristics as the original Su-25 but includes modifications to meet the requirements of international customers. The Su-25K has been sold to several countries and has seen extensive use in various conflicts.
Su-25UB: The Su-25UB is a twin-seat trainer version of the Su-25. It includes a second cockpit for an instructor, allowing for pilot training and proficiency. Despite its training role, the Su-25UB retains full combat capabilities and can be used for operational missions if needed.
Su-25T: The Su-25T, also known as the Su-25TM, is an enhanced version designed for anti-tank and close air support missions. It features advanced targeting systems, including the Shkval electro-optical targeting system and the Mercury LLTV (Low Light TV) system. The Su-25T is capable of carrying a wider range of precision-guided munitions, including the Vikhr anti-tank missile.
Su-25SM: The Su-25SM is a modernized version of the Su-25, incorporating upgrades to avionics, navigation systems, and weapons capabilities. The modernization includes a new HUD, digital displays, and improved communication systems. The Su-25SM also features enhanced survivability with upgraded armor and self-defense systems.
Su-25TM: The Su-25TM, also known as the Su-39, is a further development of the Su-25T with additional avionics and weapon systems improvements. It includes the ability to carry advanced air-to-surface and air-to-air missiles, enhancing its versatility in combat operations.
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Military Use and Combat of the Sukhoi Su-25 Grach (Frogfoot)
The Sukhoi Su-25 Grach has seen extensive use in various military conflicts and operations, providing crucial close air support to ground forces. Its robust design, versatility, and firepower make it an effective platform for a wide range of combat scenarios.
The Su-25 is equipped with a diverse array of weapons, allowing it to engage a variety of targets. Its primary armament includes the GSh-30-2 30mm cannon, which is highly effective against both ground and air targets. The aircraft’s ten hardpoints enable it to carry a mix of rockets, bombs, guided missiles, and gun pods. Typical ordnance includes S-5, S-8, and S-13 unguided rockets, FAB-250 and FAB-500 bombs, and the Kh-25 and Kh-29 guided missiles. This versatility allows the Su-25 to perform precision strikes, area bombardments, and anti-armor missions.
The Su-25 has been used in numerous conflicts, demonstrating its effectiveness and resilience. One of its first major deployments was during the Soviet-Afghan War, where it provided close air support to Soviet ground forces. The aircraft’s ability to operate from rough airstrips and deliver precise strikes made it invaluable in the challenging Afghan terrain. The Su-25’s armored cockpit and robust construction allowed it to survive hits from small arms fire and ground-based anti-aircraft weapons.
During the First Chechen War, the Su-25 played a critical role in supporting Russian ground troops. It was used to strike fortified positions, convoys, and other high-value targets. The aircraft’s ability to loiter over the battlefield and deliver continuous fire support was crucial in the mountainous and urban environments of Chechnya. Despite facing significant anti-aircraft threats, the Su-25’s survivability features allowed it to perform effectively.
The Su-25 has also been deployed in conflicts outside of Russia. In the Iran-Iraq War, both Iranian and Iraqi forces used Su-25s for ground attack missions. The aircraft’s ability to carry a substantial payload and deliver precise strikes was instrumental in the numerous engagements between the two countries. The Su-25’s performance in this conflict demonstrated its versatility and effectiveness in different operational environments.
In recent years, the Su-25 has seen action in the Syrian Civil War. The Russian Air Force has deployed Su-25s to support Syrian government forces against various rebel groups. The aircraft has been used to target enemy positions, supply lines, and infrastructure. The Su-25’s ability to operate in hot and dusty conditions, combined with its heavy armor and weaponry, has made it a valuable asset in the conflict.
The Su-25 has been exported to several countries, including Angola, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bulgaria, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Georgia, Iran, Kazakhstan, North Korea, Peru, Slovakia, Sudan, Turkmenistan, and Ukraine. These countries have used the Su-25 for a variety of missions, from ground attack to counter-insurgency operations. The aircraft’s robust design and low maintenance requirements make it suitable for use in regions with limited infrastructure.
The Su-25 faces competition from other close air support aircraft, such as the American A-10 Thunderbolt II and the British Harrier GR7/GR9. While the A-10 is renowned for its durability and firepower, the Su-25’s speed and payload capacity provide it with unique advantages. The Harrier’s vertical/short takeoff and landing (V/STOL) capability offers operational flexibility, but the Su-25’s simplicity and ruggedness make it easier to operate and maintain in austere conditions.
The Su-25 remains in active service with several air forces around the world. Continuous upgrades and modernization efforts, such as the Su-25SM, ensure that the aircraft remains relevant in modern combat environments. The Su-25’s combination of firepower, durability, and versatility makes it a valuable asset for close air support missions.
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The Sukhoi Su-25 Grach (Frogfoot) is a versatile and robust close air support aircraft designed to deliver precise and sustained firepower in support of ground forces. Its heavily armored airframe, powerful twin engines, and diverse weapon systems enable it to operate effectively in hostile environments. The Su-25’s performance characteristics, including its speed, payload capacity, and survivability, make it a valuable asset for a wide range of combat missions. Continuous upgrades and the development of various specialized variants ensure that the Su-25 remains relevant and effective in modern military operations.
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