The AV-8B Harrier II is a second-generation vertical/short takeoff and landing (V/STOL) ground-attack aircraft developed by Boeing, BAe Systems, and McDonnell Douglas.
The AV-8B Harrier II is a V/STOL ground-attack aircraft designed for close air support, reconnaissance, and combat air patrol missions. Developed collaboratively by McDonnell Douglas, BAe Systems, and later Boeing, it is powered by a Rolls-Royce Pegasus turbofan engine producing 23,500 lbf (104.6 kN) of thrust. The aircraft has a maximum speed of 662 mph (1,065 km/h), a combat radius of 300 miles (555 km), and a service ceiling of 50,000 ft (15,240 m). It can carry a variety of armaments, including missiles, bombs, and a 25mm cannon. The AV-8B is known for its ability to operate from short or improvised runways, making it versatile and effective in various combat scenarios.
History of the Development of the Boeing (BAe Systems / McDonnell Douglas) AV-8B Harrier II
The development of the AV-8B Harrier II is rooted in the Cold War era, a time of rapid technological advancements and intense military competition between the United States and the Soviet Union. During the 1960s and 1970s, the need for flexible and capable close air support aircraft became increasingly apparent, especially for the US Marine Corps, which required an aircraft that could operate from forward-deployed bases with limited infrastructure.
The original Harrier, developed by Hawker Siddeley in the United Kingdom and introduced in the late 1960s, demonstrated the potential of V/STOL (Vertical/Short Takeoff and Landing) technology. However, the early versions of the Harrier had limitations in terms of payload, range, and overall performance. Recognizing the need for an upgraded version, the US Marine Corps initiated the AV-8B program in the early 1970s to develop a more capable successor to the AV-8A Harrier.
The AV-8B Harrier II program officially began in 1973, with McDonnell Douglas and British Aerospace (now BAe Systems) as the primary contractors. The objective was to create a more powerful, durable, and versatile aircraft that could meet the demanding requirements of modern combat operations. Key improvements targeted included enhanced avionics, increased payload capacity, better range, and improved flight performance.
One of the significant milestones in the development of the AV-8B was the integration of a new and more powerful engine. The Rolls-Royce Pegasus 11-61 (F402-RR-408) engine, capable of producing 23,500 lbf (104.6 kN) of thrust, was selected to power the Harrier II. This engine not only provided greater thrust but also improved reliability and maintainability compared to earlier versions.
The first flight of the AV-8B Harrier II took place on November 5, 1981. This marked a crucial step forward, showcasing the successful integration of V/STOL technology with enhanced performance capabilities. The aircraft entered service with the US Marine Corps in January 1985, replacing the older AV-8A and significantly expanding the Corps’ operational capabilities.
The AV-8B Harrier II was designed with a focus on survivability and versatility. The aircraft features a rugged airframe capable of withstanding the stresses of V/STOL operations. Its unique ability to take off and land vertically or from short runways makes it particularly valuable for operations from forward-deployed bases, amphibious assault ships, and even damaged runways.
The NATO reporting name for the AV-8B Harrier II is “Harrier GR5” in British service and “Harrier II Plus” for the upgraded US Marine Corps version. These designations help distinguish the aircraft from earlier Harrier models and other variants in service with different countries.
The Harrier II’s development involved several stages of upgrades and improvements. Early versions, such as the AV-8B Day Attack, were primarily focused on daytime operations with basic avionics and targeting systems. Subsequent upgrades, including the AV-8B Night Attack and AV-8B Harrier II Plus, introduced advanced avionics, night vision capabilities, and improved radar systems, enhancing the aircraft’s all-weather operational capability.
The collaborative nature of the AV-8B program also led to the development of international variants. The British Aerospace Sea Harrier FRS.2 (later FA2) and the Spanish and Italian Navy AV-8Bs are examples of how the Harrier II’s versatile design was adapted to meet the specific needs of different operators. This international collaboration also facilitated shared development costs and operational experience, further enhancing the aircraft’s capabilities.
The AV-8B Harrier II’s development was driven by the need for a highly flexible and capable close air support aircraft that could operate from austere environments. Its unique V/STOL capabilities, combined with continuous upgrades and international collaboration, have made it a significant asset for the US Marine Corps and other operators. The Harrier II’s service history and ongoing improvements underscore its importance in modern military aviation.
Design of the Boeing (BAe Systems / McDonnell Douglas) AV-8B Harrier II
The design of the AV-8B Harrier II focuses on enhancing performance, survivability, and versatility. As a V/STOL aircraft, the Harrier II is capable of vertical takeoff and landing, as well as short takeoff and landing, which allows it to operate from a wide range of environments, including aircraft carriers, amphibious assault ships, and forward-deployed bases with limited infrastructure.
The AV-8B features a high-mounted wing with a span of 30.33 ft (9.25 m) and an area of 201.8 sq ft (18.75 sq m). This wing design provides excellent lift and maneuverability, essential for both air-to-air combat and ground attack missions. The aircraft’s overall length is 46.33 ft (14.12 m), and its height is 11.65 ft (3.55 m), making it compact enough for operations from confined spaces.
The airframe of the AV-8B is constructed from a combination of aluminum alloys and composite materials, which provide a balance between strength and weight. The use of composites, particularly in the wing and control surfaces, helps reduce the aircraft’s weight and improves its overall performance. The Harrier II’s empty weight is approximately 14,150 lbs (6,420 kg), while its maximum takeoff weight is 31,000 lbs (14,061 kg).
One of the key features of the AV-8B is its unique vectored-thrust system, which allows the aircraft to transition between vertical and horizontal flight. The Rolls-Royce Pegasus engine is equipped with four vectoring nozzles that direct the thrust downward for vertical takeoff and landing, and rearward for conventional flight. This system provides exceptional maneuverability and flexibility in various flight regimes.
The AV-8B is powered by the Rolls-Royce Pegasus 11-61 (F402-RR-408) turbofan engine, which produces 23,500 lbf (104.6 kN) of thrust. This engine is specifically designed for V/STOL operations, featuring a unique design that enables efficient thrust vectoring. The engine’s performance is crucial for the Harrier II’s ability to carry out its diverse mission set.
The cockpit of the AV-8B is designed for pilot situational awareness and ease of operation. It features a hands-on-throttle-and-stick (HOTAS) control system, which allows the pilot to manage various systems without removing their hands from the throttle and control stick. The cockpit is equipped with a head-up display (HUD) and multi-function displays (MFDs) that provide critical flight and mission data.
The AV-8B’s avionics suite includes advanced navigation, communication, and targeting systems. The aircraft is equipped with the AN/AV-8B(V)1 radar, which provides all-weather targeting and navigation capabilities. The radar system, combined with the aircraft’s integrated mission computer and targeting pod, allows for precise delivery of both guided and unguided munitions.
The Harrier II’s armament capabilities are extensive, making it a formidable ground-attack aircraft. The AV-8B is equipped with a 25mm GAU-12/U Equalizer cannon mounted in a ventral pod, providing substantial firepower for strafing runs and close air support missions. The aircraft has six underwing hardpoints and one centerline hardpoint, allowing it to carry a wide range of ordnance, including air-to-air missiles, air-to-ground missiles, rockets, and bombs.
The AV-8B’s survivability is enhanced by its design and systems. The aircraft’s airframe is rugged and designed to withstand damage, and it is equipped with an advanced countermeasures suite, including radar warning receivers, chaff and flare dispensers, and electronic jammers. These systems help protect the aircraft from enemy radar and missile threats.
Despite its many advantages, the AV-8B Harrier II does have some drawbacks. The complexity of the V/STOL system and the high-maintenance requirements of the Pegasus engine can lead to increased operational costs and maintenance demands. Additionally, the aircraft’s limited range and payload capacity compared to conventional fighters can be a disadvantage in certain scenarios.
Performance of the Boeing (BAe Systems / McDonnell Douglas) AV-8B Harrier II
The performance of the AV-8B Harrier II is driven by its powerful engine, advanced avionics, and versatile design. As a V/STOL aircraft, the Harrier II offers unique operational capabilities that distinguish it from other ground-attack and close air support aircraft.
At the heart of the AV-8B’s performance is the Rolls-Royce Pegasus 11-61 (F402-RR-408) turbofan engine. This engine produces 23,500 lbf (104.6 kN) of thrust, enabling the Harrier II to achieve vertical and short takeoffs and landings. The engine’s design incorporates a unique vectored-thrust system, with four nozzles that can direct thrust downward for vertical flight and rearward for conventional flight. This system provides exceptional maneuverability and flexibility, allowing the aircraft to operate from a variety of environments, including aircraft carriers, amphibious assault ships, and forward-deployed bases.
The AV-8B has a maximum speed of 662 mph (1,065 km/h), which is relatively high for a V/STOL aircraft. This speed allows the Harrier II to respond quickly to threats and reposition rapidly during combat operations. The aircraft’s cruise speed is approximately 540 mph (870 km/h), which provides a balance between fuel efficiency and operational effectiveness.
The combat radius of the AV-8B is 300 miles (555 km) when carrying a standard payload. This range allows the Harrier II to support ground forces effectively within a tactical radius. The aircraft’s maximum ferry range, with external fuel tanks, is approximately 1,400 miles (2,250 km), which enables it to deploy over long distances when necessary.
The service ceiling of the AV-8B Harrier II is 50,000 ft (15,240 m). This high altitude capability allows the aircraft to operate above most threats and weather disturbances, providing a stable platform for reconnaissance and surveillance missions. The Harrier II’s climb rate is approximately 14,700 ft/min (74.7 m/s), which allows it to reach its operational altitude quickly and efficiently.
The AV-8B’s armament capabilities are extensive, making it a formidable ground-attack aircraft. The aircraft is equipped with a 25mm GAU-12/U Equalizer cannon mounted in a ventral pod, which provides substantial firepower for strafing runs and close air support missions. The Harrier II has six underwing hardpoints and one centerline hardpoint, allowing it to carry a wide range of ordnance, including AIM-9 Sidewinder air-to-air missiles, AGM-65 Maverick air-to-ground missiles, Hydra 70 rockets, and various guided and unguided bombs.
In terms of payload capacity, the AV-8B can carry up to 9,200 lbs (4,180 kg) of external ordnance. This capacity includes a mix of air-to-air and air-to-ground munitions, providing flexibility in mission planning and execution. The aircraft’s avionics suite, which includes the AN/AV-8B(V)1 radar, advanced targeting pods, and integrated mission computers, enhances its ability to deliver precision-guided munitions accurately.
The AV-8B’s performance is further enhanced by its advanced avionics and navigation systems. The aircraft is equipped with a head-up display (HUD) and multi-function displays (MFDs), which provide critical flight and mission data to the pilot. The integrated navigation system includes GPS and inertial navigation, ensuring accurate positioning and mission planning.
When compared to other ground-attack aircraft, the AV-8B Harrier II stands out for its unique V/STOL capabilities. Conventional ground-attack aircraft, such as the A-10 Thunderbolt II or the F-16 Fighting Falcon, require longer runways for takeoff and landing, limiting their operational flexibility. The Harrier II’s ability to operate from short or improvised runways provides a significant tactical advantage, allowing it to support ground forces in austere environments.
However, the Harrier II does have some limitations compared to its competitors. The complexity of its V/STOL system and the high-maintenance requirements of the Pegasus engine can lead to increased operational costs and maintenance demands. Additionally, the Harrier II’s limited range and payload capacity compared to conventional fighters can be a disadvantage in certain scenarios.
Despite these limitations, the AV-8B Harrier II remains a highly capable and versatile aircraft. Its unique combination of V/STOL capabilities, advanced avionics, and extensive armament options make it an invaluable asset for close air support and ground-attack missions. The Harrier II’s performance characteristics, including its speed, range, and maneuverability, ensure it continues to play a critical role in modern military operations.
Variants of the Boeing (BAe Systems / McDonnell Douglas) AV-8B Harrier II
The AV-8B Harrier II has several variants, each designed to enhance specific capabilities and meet different operational requirements. Here are the key variants of the AV-8B:
- AV-8B Day Attack: The original production model, introduced in 1985. It features basic avionics and systems, designed primarily for daytime operations. The Day Attack variant laid the foundation for subsequent improvements and upgrades.
- AV-8B Night Attack: An upgraded variant introduced in the late 1980s, featuring night vision capabilities, an improved cockpit with multi-function displays, and an infrared sensor system. This variant allows for effective operations in low-light and night conditions.
- AV-8B Harrier II Plus: The most advanced variant, introduced in the early 1990s. It includes a radar upgrade with the APG-65 radar, which enhances the aircraft’s all-weather and air-to-air capabilities. The Harrier II Plus also features improved avionics and weapon systems.
- TAV-8B: A two-seat trainer variant designed for pilot training. It retains the operational capabilities of the single-seat variants, allowing for effective transition training while maintaining combat readiness.
Military Use and Combat of the Boeing (BAe Systems / McDonnell Douglas) AV-8B Harrier II
The AV-8B Harrier II has been extensively used in various military operations, primarily by the United States Marine Corps. Its unique V/STOL capabilities and versatile design make it well-suited for a range of combat scenarios, including close air support, reconnaissance, and combat air patrol missions.
The AV-8B’s armament capabilities are extensive, making it a formidable ground-attack aircraft. The aircraft is equipped with a 25mm GAU-12/U Equalizer cannon mounted in a ventral pod, which provides substantial firepower for strafing runs and close air support missions. The Harrier II has six underwing hardpoints and one centerline hardpoint, allowing it to carry a wide range of ordnance, including AIM-9 Sidewinder air-to-air missiles, AGM-65 Maverick air-to-ground missiles, Hydra 70 rockets, and various guided and unguided bombs. This diverse armament loadout enables the AV-8B to engage a variety of targets, from enemy aircraft to armored vehicles and fortified positions.
One of the AV-8B’s most significant deployments was during the Gulf War in 1991. The aircraft played a crucial role in providing close air support to coalition ground forces. Operating from amphibious assault ships and forward-deployed bases, AV-8Bs conducted numerous sorties, targeting Iraqi tanks, artillery, and defensive positions. The Harrier II’s ability to operate from short and improvised runways proved invaluable in the rapidly shifting battlefield environment. Its versatility and firepower were instrumental in disrupting enemy operations and supporting the ground offensive.
In the Balkans during the 1990s, the AV-8B Harrier II was deployed as part of NATO operations in Bosnia and Kosovo. The aircraft provided close air support to ground forces and conducted precision strikes against strategic targets. The Harrier II’s advanced avionics and targeting systems allowed for accurate delivery of munitions, minimizing collateral damage and enhancing mission effectiveness. The aircraft’s V/STOL capabilities enabled it to operate from austere airfields and aircraft carriers, providing flexibility in mission planning and execution.
The AV-8B also saw extensive use during the Iraq War and the War in Afghanistan. In these conflicts, the Harrier II provided close air support to coalition forces, targeting insurgent positions, vehicle convoys, and weapon caches. The aircraft’s ability to loiter over the battlefield and respond quickly to calls for support made it a critical asset in counter-insurgency operations. The AV-8B’s advanced targeting pods and precision-guided munitions ensured that targets were engaged accurately, reducing the risk to friendly forces and civilian populations.
The Harrier II’s combat effectiveness is further enhanced by its survivability features. The aircraft’s rugged airframe is designed to withstand damage, and it is equipped with an advanced countermeasures suite, including radar warning receivers, chaff and flare dispensers, and electronic jammers. These systems help protect the aircraft from enemy radar and missile threats, increasing its survivability in contested environments.
The AV-8B has also been exported to several allied nations, including Spain and Italy. These countries have operated the aircraft from both land bases and aircraft carriers, leveraging its V/STOL capabilities to enhance their air combat and support capabilities. The Spanish Navy, for example, has used the AV-8B to provide air defense for its fleet and support amphibious operations. The Italian Navy has similarly employed the Harrier II from its aircraft carriers, enhancing its ability to project power and support ground operations.
Despite its many strengths, the AV-8B Harrier II is gradually being phased out in favor of more advanced aircraft. The US Marine Corps is replacing the Harrier II with the F-35B Lightning II, a fifth-generation stealth multirole fighter with V/STOL capabilities. The F-35B offers significant advancements in stealth, avionics, and sensor fusion, providing a substantial upgrade over the Harrier II. However, the Harrier II remains in service with several operators and continues to be a valuable asset in their arsenals.
The Boeing (BAe Systems / McDonnell Douglas) AV-8B Harrier II is a versatile and powerful V/STOL ground-attack aircraft. Its unique design, featuring the Rolls-Royce Pegasus turbofan engine and vectored-thrust system, allows for exceptional operational flexibility. The Harrier II’s advanced avionics, extensive armament capabilities, and proven combat performance make it a formidable asset in modern military operations. While it faces challenges such as high maintenance demands and limited range compared to conventional fighters, its ability to operate from short and improvised runways provides a significant tactical advantage. The AV-8B Harrier II continues to be a valuable asset for its operators, demonstrating the enduring relevance of V/STOL technology in military aviation.
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