Explore the use of high-power microwaves in defending against hypersonic missiles, with technical data on this advanced technology.
Hypersonic missiles, capable of traveling at over five times the speed of sound, pose a significant challenge to current defense systems. In response, high-power microwave (HPM) technology is evolving to neutralize these weapons by emitting electromagnetic pulses at the speed of light, targeting the electronic systems of enemy missiles. This approach integrates into multi-layer defenses for increased and cost-effective protection.
Hypersonic missile defense: an evolving strategy
With the rising threat of hypersonic missiles, the United States and its military allies are investing in unconventional defenses. Hypersonic missiles, reaching speeds beyond Mach 5, can maneuver to evade traditional defense systems. These missiles require innovative approaches, including high-power microwave weapons. Unlike kinetic weapons that physically intercept a missile, HPMs neutralize targets by projecting electromagnetic energy capable of short-circuiting or destroying missile electronics in flight.
High-power microwave (HPM) technology: operating principles
HPM systems use highly concentrated radio energy to attack the electronic components of their targets. When a hypersonic missile enters the range of these microwaves, an electromagnetic pulse is projected at the speed of light (about 300,000 km/s). This speed is essential, compensating for the hypersonic missiles’ high velocity, which exceeds 6,000 km/h, enabling immediate response to enemy maneuvers. Unlike traditional ammunition-based systems, these electromagnetic weapons only require a power source, significantly reducing operational costs and enabling a higher firing rate.
Integration into a multi-layered defense system
High-power microwaves are not used alone; they are part of a layered defense system combining ground, sea, and space-based radars and sensors. This approach maximizes detection and interception of hypersonic threats. Raytheon Technologies, for example, explores installing HPM systems on various platforms—ships, drones, and ground installations—to intercept missiles during launch or flight. Advanced detection satellites track and analyze each launch in real-time, improving response speed.
Effectiveness of HPMs: costs and advantages
The costs of HPM use are limited to energy supply, making each shot more economical than traditional interceptions. Each system may require a high initial installation budget but promises low-cost, long-term defense, especially for fixed installations or naval equipment. An electromagnetic pulse can neutralize not only a missile but also a group of drones or aerial vehicles, depending on proximity. This flexibility makes HPM systems particularly suitable for saturation threats, where multiple missiles or drones attack simultaneously.
Strategic consequences and limitations
The implementation of HPMs in missile defense opens up new deterrence strategies. By neutralizing hypersonic missiles before they reach their target, HPMs significantly reduce damage risk and infrastructure costs. However, these systems are not without constraints. Weather conditions and pulse range can limit their effectiveness in certain configurations. Additionally, hypersonic missile materials and protections are evolving to better withstand electromagnetic pulses, driving the arms race towards new technical challenges.
War Wings Daily is an independant magazine.